Definition

Tension headache refers to head pain associated with stress and muscle contraction. These headaches may occur only occasionally in response to a stressful event. They may also be chronic, occurring frequently. Some tension headaches are nearly constant, with daily pain that may vary in intensity.

Tension Headache: Areas of Pain

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Causes

Tension headaches may occur when muscles in the neck, face, and scalp contract, which produce pain. The precise cause of this muscle contraction is unknown. Factors that may contribute to tension headache include:

• Stress
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Eyestrain
• Poor posture
• Injuries or arthritis of the neck area
• Temporomandibular joint disease (TMJ)
• Chemical imbalances in the brain

Risk Factors

A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition. Your risk of getting a tension headache increases with:

• Depression
• Anxiety
• Sex: female
• Teeth clenching or grinding
• Sleep apnea
• Medications
• Sleep disruption
• Low physical activity
• Being Overweight
• Smoking

Symptoms

Tension headache symptoms usually start slowly and build.

Symptoms include:

• Constant, steady pain and pressure
• Dull and achy pain
• Pain felt on both sides of the head, in the forehead, temples, and the back of the head
• Pressure may feel like a tight band around the head
• Intensity ranges from mild to severe and can vary during the day
• Tightness in head and neck muscles

Headaches can become so severe and constant that they interfere with normal activities and sleep.

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. The cause of a headache can be difficult to determine.

Tests may include:

• Neurological exam
• Blood tests
• Neck x-ray—a test that uses radiation to take a picture of structures inside the body, especially bones
• CT scan—a type of x-ray that uses a computer to make pictures of structures inside the head
• MRI scan—a type of machine that uses a magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer to make pictures of structures inside the head

Treatment

Tension headaches are managed, rather than cured. Therapies aim to stop the headache and reduce the frequency of future episodes.

Treatment may include:

If you are diagnosed with a tension headache, follow your doctor's instructions.

Prevention

You may be able to reduce the chance of a tension headache by learning how to manage stress. Try the following strategies:

• Keep a diary, marking when headaches occur and what you were doing before they started.
• Learn to recognize what provokes a tension headache.
• Avoid or minimize stressful situations.
• Take frequent breaks to walk or move around.
• Make time for pleasurable activities.
• Practice relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing and focusing on something pleasant.
• Learn techniques for coping with difficult or stressful situations.
• Make time for friends and build a strong support system.
• Go to bed early and get a good night's sleep.
• Exercise regularly.
• Do not slouch.
• Hold the phone, rather than cradling it on your shoulder, or use a headset.