Premenstrual Syndrome(PMS; Premenstrual Tension Syndrome)DefinitionPremenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disorder marked by physical and emotional symptoms. It affects women 1-2 weeks before the beginning of their menstrual period. The Menstrual Flow Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc. CausesWhile the exact cause is not known, PMS may be related to certain factors (eg, environmental, metabolic, or behavioral factors) that may make a woman more vulnerable to the hormonal changes that occur during menstruation. Risk FactorsFactors that may increase the risk of PMS include:
SymptomsSymptoms may include:
Symptoms usually improve when bleeding starts (menstrual period). DiagnosisYour doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will also be done. You will be asked to keep a detailed record of your monthly physical and emotional symptoms. If caused by PMS, these symptoms will likely occur 1-2 weeks before your menstrual period. You may have PMS if symptoms occur at the same phase of the menstrual cycle each month. TreatmentTreatment options include: Stress ManagementStress may be managed through lifestyle changes. Relaxation techniques, deep breathing, massage, music, and hot baths can also help reduce stress. Dietary ChangesDietary changes may be helpful. Your doctor may recommend that you decrease your intake of salt, sugar, and caffeine. Eating small, frequent meals may also help. Vitamins and MineralsThe following vitamin and mineral supplements might reduce PMS symptoms:
Talk to your doctor before you take any supplements. Regular ExerciseExercising throughout the week may help to reduce your symptoms. MedicationsYour doctor may recommend medicine, such as:
PsychotherapyWomen with severe PMS symptoms (called premenstrual dysphoric disorder) may benefit from cognitive behavioral therapy. Therapy may reduce negative emotions and enhance problem-solving skills in relationships. It may also manage obstacles, frustrations, and discomfort. PreventionTo help reduce your chance of getting PMS, take the following steps:
The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Women's Health.gov Health Canada Women's Health Matters Premenstrual syndrome. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists website. Available at: https://www.acog.o... . Accessed August 24, 2012. Premenstrual syndrome. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/ . Updated June 14, 2012. Accessed August 24, 2012. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) fact sheet. Women's Health.gov website. Available at: http://www.womensh... . Updated May 18, 2010. Accessed August 24, 2012. 4/14/2009 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/what.php : Brown J, Shaughn O'Brien PM, Marjoribanks J, Wyatt K. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1):CD001396. Last reviewed September 2012 by Andrea Chisholm |
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