Copper is a trace mineral that is essential for human health. It works with enzymes, which are proteins that aid in the biochemical reactions of every cell. Copper assists these enzymes in many crucial reactions in the body.

Functions

Copper’s functions include:

• Assisting in energy production
• Protecting cells from free radical damage
• Helping lysyl oxidase, an enzyme that strengthens connective tissue
• Assisting the brain neurotransmitters, norepinephrine, and dopamine
• Helping your body make hemoglobin, which is needed to carry oxygen to red blood cells
• Keeping the immune system, bones, blood vessels, and nerves healthy

Recommended Intake

*Adequate intakes

Copper Deficiency

Many studies show that Americans consume less than adequate amounts of dietary copper. However, copper deficiency in adults is rare. A deficiency may occur, though, due to certain genetic problems, long-term shortages of dietary copper, or excessive intakes of zinc and iron. In addition, premature infants and infants suffering from malnutrition may have deficiencies of copper. People who have had gastric surgery or have conditions that affect how their bodies absorb nutrients are also at risk for copper deficiency.

Symptoms of copper deficiency include anemia, bone loss, a decrease in certain white blood cells, loss of hair color, and pale skin.

If you are unable to meet your copper needs through dietary sources, copper supplements may be necessary. Copper supplements are usually taken by mouth, but in some cases are given by injection. Your doctor should determine if you need such supplementation.

Copper Toxicity

Cases of toxicity from copper are rare.

Excess copper intake may lead to liver and kidney damage. Symptoms of copper toxicity may include:

• Abdominal pain
• Dizziness or fainting
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Diarrhea
• Coma
• Signs of liver damage like yellow eyes or skin

Major Food Sources

Foods high in copper include:

• Beef liver
• Shellfish
• Cashews
• Barley
• Sunflower seeds
• Almonds
• Hazelnuts
• Lentils
• Chocolate

Health Implications

If you have a condition that impairs your body’s ability to absorb, use, and excrete copper, your doctor may recommend changing your dietary intake of copper. For example, Wilson’s disease is a genetic condition in which the body cannot excrete copper resulting in increased copper levels in the body. Another genetic disease, Menkes syndrome, prevents copper absorption in the intestine and produces symptoms of copper deficiency.

Taking certain medicines or supplements may also affect your copper levels. Zinc supplements, for instance, can interfere with how your body absorbs copper. If you are concerned about how much copper you are getting in your diet, talk to your doctor.